How useful is the Jewish museum to the historian studying the living and working conditions of Jews in Manchester in the early 20th Century?

The Jews in Manchester came from Eastern Europe, but the synagogue the museum is set in, was for Spanish and Portuguese Jews in Manchester. The Jews moved to Manchester as Industrialisation was taking place, and they thought that they would have a better life in England. Also at the beginning of the twentieth century, Jews were moving west out of Eastern Europe to avoid poverty and persecution from Nazis. At first, when some of the Jews first came to Manchester, there were just twenty families around the cathedral, and they had got to Manchester buy peddling stuff that they had made and buying and selling cheap second hand stuff. The number of Jews grew slowly and by 1840 there were only three hundred Jews living in Manchester, and they had separated into two communities: the poor Jews, and the rich Jews. After 1840, yet more Jews moved from Eastern Europe to Manchester to escape the increase in poverty and persecution. By 1860 there were one and a half thousand Jews, and by 1914 there were thirty five thousand living in Manchester. I expected the museum to be a really good source of information, and really quite big and informative. The synagogue the museum is set in was founded in 1874 and it remained open for a hundred years. The museum was used by Spanish and Portuguese Jews; but by 1980 the museum was falling down! So, Jews in and around that area were asked to donate some things and they turned it into a museum. The museum opened in 1984. In the museum, there were two floors; the ground floor was set up like a synagogue with the torahs behind the altar, and the upstairs part, where the women and children would sit for the Jewish services was turned into a museum. The talk was given downstairs. The talk, I found very informative. The guide told us all about the different areas the Jews lived in, and where you could expect the poor Jews to live and how they would live and where you would expect the rich Jews to live, and how. He also told us about the working conditions for the poorer Jews. When the Jews moved over here, at first they probably had to sleep on the floor of a one up one down slum, at 12. 5pence per week until they found work. These slums were generally in the area of Red Bank. Then once the Jews had found work, they might be able to afford to move into the area of Cheetham Hill, where they could expect to pay 32 – 85pence a week (remembering that on a good salary they only earned i3. 00 a week, and they had to pay for food and water on top of rent, and 10% of their weekly earnings would ideally go to charity). If the Jews could not find work when they came over here, there were three things they could do: beg on the streets, apply for poor law, or you could starve. Many Jews could not find work as easily, as the skills they had acquired in Eastern Europe were not relevant for the skills they needed to work in the industrialised Manchester. These skills involved harvesting crops, and rearing farm animals etc, and could not really be put to use in the city of Manchester. When we went upstairs we found displays all around the top of the building, one side concerning the working conditions and one side concerning living conditions. In one of the displays, it showed one of the most typical jobs that Jews were employed to do, and that was Schmere. A schmere would work in a factory sewing bits of material together to make a waterproof fabric. It was a horrible job, and the glue would not come out of your clothes and the gases that came off it were in the long term poisonous, and made people ill. However, if one Jew was doing the work, then he dropped dead because of all the fumes, then another Jew would be ready and waiting to take his place straight away because they were so eager to work. Another very typical job (which the information was in a display) was the school teacher. The school for Jews in the area of the synagogue was called the King David School. In these schools the Jews were taught English as a main language, and some of the Jewish culture was lost through the generation. Some of the other jobs listed on displays at the museum were: tailoring; the manufacture of footwear; cabinet making; buying and selling of second hand goods; shopkeepers; market stall holders and credit drapers. There was only the two displays, photos and the guide to tell us about the working conditions in the twentieth century; but as you can see through all of this information, it was absolutely full of facts. There wasn't really an awful lot about the actual living conditions of the Jews in Manchester in the museum. There was one display, which showed a typical meal time in a working class Jews house. The table was set for two and the stools were different and very used and old. It was very small and crowded and extremely old fashioned, however, the Jews in this model household prided themselves on paying attention to their religious need, and all the religious articles were there, for a typical meal time. There were different wine glasses on the table and the cutlery did not match. There was a stone floor and this made the already tiny room look even more tiny, and colder in a way. There were two types of houses that the Jews would live in. The poorer Jews would live in a house, which were badly built, in a bad area, which had no bathroom/toilet, and no kitchen, and basically was just a one up-one down house. Sometimes, two or three families would start of their lives in England living in one of these houses. From the source sheet, from a census returned from the slum area of Red Bank, there are three families (11 people) all living in one of these houses, and two of these were young children under the age of three. However, in the area of Cheetham on the other side of Manchester where the richer Jews lived, houses were quite big, with a garden at the front and back of the house and near Broughton Park. In these houses it was not unusual to have a general servant living with the family, and the occupations are generally of higher status, and the numbers in the family are lower, with only three people living in the house at one time, and some of the houses not even being occupied. Before I went to the museum I wrote down some questions that I wanted to find out, that I thought were quite relevant to the topic. I wrote down nine questions, and from the talk and all the displays only two of my questions were not answered: did Jews get treated differently than other workers from a different religion at work? Where the Jews treated any differently in society if they lived in a different part of Manchester that was mainly occupied by other religions like Christians? In the museum, there were some things there that were not relevant to my topic to research, for example, the impact of the war on the Jews; there was a display all about the impact of the war on the Jews. I think there should have been more sources on the Jews social life. For instance, what did they do when they were not at school, work, or in the synagogue? There were some pictures of children's dance classes and brownie meetings, but there was not really anything on what the adults did in their spare time, and I thought that it would be interesting and helpful to know. The museum was created with articles that local Jews brought in, to contribute. So, if there are more working class Jews living around the museum, as the museum is set in the slum area, what if most of the articles brought in are related to the working class part rather than the middle class Jews that lived on the other side of Manchester? Also, the museum does not qualify for a lottery fund, so it was built by the Jewish people themselves, and the money they make goes towards lighting and heating bills, so they can't have bought many of the items in their, so some of the information might not be totally reliable. I think the information about the working class Jews is more reliable than the information about the middle class Jews in Cheetham. I think this because most of the information in the museum has come from the working class area where the museum is set, and the museum does tend to focus on the poorer Jews working and living lives. I think the guide tended to dwell on the working class Jews that lived in the same area of the museum, and I don't think he knew as much about the richer Jews. I think this because most of the people who came in to offer him information would have come from that area, as they live there and they would want to be a part of the museum. A historian has lots of sources available that could help them learn about the living and working conditions of the Jews. I think probably the most reliable way is to go and see some of the Jews that were living in and around Manchester at that time, particularly the more middle class Jews. They could ask them questions about what it was like for them to come to England and live here (as there is not much, if any information about this in the museum). Another use would be the internet. When the Jews came over from Eastern Europe to Manchester, there was nothing to help them set themselves up. So when some of the Jews had themselves sorted, they set up a charity to help other Jews that were in the position that they were when they arrived. So there would probably be some information about this charity on the internet, and this would help a historian find out about where the Jews had come from and what state they were in when they came to Manchester, physically and financially. Also, there could be some information from some old landlords, as the Jews rented houses when they came, they must have rented them off some one and that person might have records of who lived in that house and when. Also there would be records in places where the Jews from the twentieth century worked, and doctors or apothecary's records. I think the best way a historian can find out about the living and working conditions in the twentieth century, is to possibly find a diary that someone kept from that period, of their life. That way, the historian can be almost certain that this happened and it would tell a lot about that particular person, although, it would only tell you about that one person from that one family in that one area so it might not tell the historian a lot about the other people and people who lived in other areas. I think the Jewish Museum is very useful to the historian, especially the guide and the talk that he gave. Some of the displays and information is not relevant, but would still be interesting to a historian, looking at that period. Although, I do think that the museum could be of better use to the historians. For example, they could get some people in who lived in the different areas to give talks about what their life was like at that time, and how their parents and grand parents came to live in this country, and they could bring in articles that is useful to the historian. That way the historian can get any information he or she needs to know from that person about what life was like working and living in the twentieth century in Manchester for the Jews.

Kant

IMMANUEL KANT’S THEORY Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) discussed many ethical systems and reasonings. Some were based on a belief that the reason is the final authority for morality. In Kant's eyes, reason is directly correlated with morals and ideals. Actions of any sort, he believed, must be undertaken from a sense of duty dictated by reason, and no action performed for appropriateness or solely in obedience to law or custom can be regarded as moral. A moral act is an act done for the â€Å"right† reasons. Kant would argue that to make a promise for the wrong reason is not moral you might as well not make the promise.You must follow a certain code in order to find truth behind your actions. Kant believed that you should treat everyone with value, dignity, and respect. Our reasoning ability will always allow us to know what our duty is. Kant described two types of common commands given by reason: the hypothetical imperative, which dictates a given course of action to reach a specific end; and the categorical imperative, which dictates a course of action that must be followed because of its rightness and necessity.The categorical imperative is the basis of morality and was stated by Kant in these words: â€Å"Act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will and general natural law. † Therefore, before proceeding to act, we must decide what rule we need to follow if we were to act, whether we are willing for that rule to be followed by everyone all over. Kant believes that moral rules have no exceptions. It is wrong to kill in all situations, even those of self-defense. This belief comes from the Universal Law theory.Since we would never want murder to become a universal law, then it has to be not moral at all. Kant believes killing could never be universal, therefore it is wrong in each and every situation. There are never any extenuating circumstances, such as self-defense. I believe Kant is right in making certain moral and e thical codes exempt from being a universal law because there shouldn't be different rules for different laws. The rules and laws should apply to every situation. An act is either wrong or right, based on his universality law.For example, giving money to a homeless person just to get him/her to leave you alone would be judged not moral by Kant because it was done for the wrong reason. With Kants belief in mind; if the consequence of immoral behavior were dealt with in a legal structure, people would be prosecuted for â€Å"EVERYTHING† since there are no extenuating circumstances. Kant's categorical imperative is a tri-dynamic statement of philosophical thought:(1) â€Å"So act that the maxim of you could always hold at the same time as a principle establishing universal law. (2) â€Å"Act so as to treat humanity, whether in your own person in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only. ‘(3) â€Å"Act according to the maxims if a universally legislativ e member of a merely potential kingdom of ends. † In other words, Kant argues that particular action requires conscious thought of the rule governing the action. Whether if everyone should follow that rule, and if the rule is acceptable for universal action, it should be adopted. If the rule is unacceptable, then it should be rejected.In order to understand whether or not an action follows Kant's â€Å"categorical imperative,† we must prescribe those norms that we wish to be universal laws. We must make the judgment on whether or not universal ethics is possible. I believe that a bit of universality exists throughout the world; don't kill your neighbor, be kind to others, do not steal, etc. yet, individual perception of the world by people prevents the possibility of an all-encompassing universal code of ethics. I believe along with Kant that we should develop a friendship and code to help our fellow man.We all have a duty to treat others the way we want to be treated. The one thing I disagree with is that we should not be punished for doing good deeds to those even though we might find ourselves backed into a corner when dealing with these individual problems. Overall dealing with Kant's theory everyone should be truthful and abide by the universal code. We should follow his theory in treating everyone with value, dignity, and respect. Even though everyone should help others, I believe in some situations people have to be persuaded to help even though this goes against Kant's beliefs. Kant IMMANUEL KANT’S THEORY Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) discussed many ethical systems and reasonings. Some were based on a belief that the reason is the final authority for morality. In Kant's eyes, reason is directly correlated with morals and ideals. Actions of any sort, he believed, must be undertaken from a sense of duty dictated by reason, and no action performed for appropriateness or solely in obedience to law or custom can be regarded as moral. A moral act is an act done for the â€Å"right† reasons. Kant would argue that to make a promise for the wrong reason is not moral you might as well not make the promise.You must follow a certain code in order to find truth behind your actions. Kant believed that you should treat everyone with value, dignity, and respect. Our reasoning ability will always allow us to know what our duty is. Kant described two types of common commands given by reason: the hypothetical imperative, which dictates a given course of action to reach a specific end; and the categorical imperative, which dictates a course of action that must be followed because of its rightness and necessity.The categorical imperative is the basis of morality and was stated by Kant in these words: â€Å"Act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will and general natural law. † Therefore, before proceeding to act, we must decide what rule we need to follow if we were to act, whether we are willing for that rule to be followed by everyone all over. Kant believes that moral rules have no exceptions. It is wrong to kill in all situations, even those of self-defense. This belief comes from the Universal Law theory.Since we would never want murder to become a universal law, then it has to be not moral at all. Kant believes killing could never be universal, therefore it is wrong in each and every situation. There are never any extenuating circumstances, such as self-defense. I believe Kant is right in making certain moral and e thical codes exempt from being a universal law because there shouldn't be different rules for different laws. The rules and laws should apply to every situation. An act is either wrong or right, based on his universality law.For example, giving money to a homeless person just to get him/her to leave you alone would be judged not moral by Kant because it was done for the wrong reason. With Kants belief in mind; if the consequence of immoral behavior were dealt with in a legal structure, people would be prosecuted for â€Å"EVERYTHING† since there are no extenuating circumstances. Kant's categorical imperative is a tri-dynamic statement of philosophical thought:(1) â€Å"So act that the maxim of you could always hold at the same time as a principle establishing universal law. (2) â€Å"Act so as to treat humanity, whether in your own person in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only. ‘(3) â€Å"Act according to the maxims if a universally legislativ e member of a merely potential kingdom of ends. † In other words, Kant argues that particular action requires conscious thought of the rule governing the action. Whether if everyone should follow that rule, and if the rule is acceptable for universal action, it should be adopted. If the rule is unacceptable, then it should be rejected.In order to understand whether or not an action follows Kant's â€Å"categorical imperative,† we must prescribe those norms that we wish to be universal laws. We must make the judgment on whether or not universal ethics is possible. I believe that a bit of universality exists throughout the world; don't kill your neighbor, be kind to others, do not steal, etc. yet, individual perception of the world by people prevents the possibility of an all-encompassing universal code of ethics. I believe along with Kant that we should develop a friendship and code to help our fellow man.We all have a duty to treat others the way we want to be treated. The one thing I disagree with is that we should not be punished for doing good deeds to those even though we might find ourselves backed into a corner when dealing with these individual problems. Overall dealing with Kant's theory everyone should be truthful and abide by the universal code. We should follow his theory in treating everyone with value, dignity, and respect. Even though everyone should help others, I believe in some situations people have to be persuaded to help even though this goes against Kant's beliefs.

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Finding proper article from the daily press or other sources n writing 2 pages report about article - Essay Example This brief paper discusses some of the important issues in international trade relations. The world economy is in a recession brought about by the sub-prime mortgage crisis in the United States which started sometime in 2007 but later spread worldwide. Because of it many developed countries are facing financial and economic crises as a consequence as seen in the sovereign debt crisis in European countries such as the PIIGS (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain) which undermined the euro currency and unity of the European Union. It is a crisis of unprecedented proportions which had adversely affected world trade in general. Recent news reports as seen in the international media point to a lingering crisis that had defied easy solutions. World trade today is conducted mostly under the WTO supervision but there are many trade blocs now in existence that grant special most favored nation status (MFN) to some countries that trade with each other. This is a violation of the WTO rules that state countries should let free trade prevail through its non-discrimination policy in place. An example of a specific trade bloc is the so-called G-20 (or group of 20) consisting of the twenty most economically powerful countries of the world. However, this group failed to produce a single plan of action that will adequately address the Great Recession in contrast to the Great Depression of 1933. The world today is facing similar challenges in world order as economies are facing stubbornly high unemployment rates such as the U. S. and Europe. A G-20 meeting held in Seoul (South Korea) last year to address the most pressing issues failed to come up with a solution as member-countries could not agree on what steps to take. This is a dangerous situation which had frayed international trade relations because of some massive international trade imbalances of some countries (China and Germany in

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Tram Accident and Province Essay Car accidents is one of most causes that happen in Omani society, we see every day in Oman more accident, actually it is a global problem every country in the world suffer from this problem and now nobody can find a solution for this problem because it cames from the behavior of the driver when he driving a car, in Oman more people was died and the reason from accidents. The Omani government is trying to reduce accidents by making signboards to indicate places that require mitigation of speed also building specifications streets safe. Actually if Omani society want solve this problem should a drivers drive carefully and don’t use mobile when they drives. Most of family in Oman miss some member of family like brother, sister, father, mother, and remember this member when accident was happen, so should every drivers when they drive remember his or her family and he or she has good family wait hem to make the life happy. The reason of car accidents: They are many reason that help accidents to happen, one of the reason is using mobile when drivers drive a car, and this is a big mistake, how can they using mobile when drive a car, actually you will lose control of the driving because you interest in something you like it like play games from phone or call your family or your friends and when you do it that you will lose control of driving, another reason is high speed now most of the Omani youth love driving at high speed because they like compete and challenge their friend by doing race between them. The statistic of car accident in Oman shows most of car accident came from high speed and reckless youth when they drive at high speed. Some of the streets in the Sultanate of Oman are not safety for example street intersections in the state of Barka is not safety because it leads to a car crash, face to face also the street leading to the province of Al-Sharqia is complex you can’t drive good because there are several curves in the street, another reason of car accidents is not link the safety belts when drivers drive a car, safety belts is very important for drivers because they sometimes driving at high speed and when they do it a brake it help them to stay away from injuries. Another reason of car accident is lack of commitment from drivers about traffic laws they don’t care about signboards that explain to reduce the speed also the big mistake is when drivers drive a car they think about something important in their life or they think about their problems with family, a thinking during drive a car is very dangerous because you can’t see what is in front of you on the way, this leads to loss of control leading to the incident. Statistic of car accidents: In 2011 the statistic shows the number of people that died was 1065 and the number of injured was 11437, really it is a large number how can people imagine these numbers. Governorates of South and North Batinah was the most of governorates that the death happen in Oman the number of death was 261 and most of injuries happen in Muscat the number was 3331, Musandam took the least number of deaths, 3death and 121 injured. Province of Al-Dhakilia came in second place about the number of death from car accident the number was 175 and in province of Al-Sharqia the number was 159 and Muscat 156 , 82 in province of Al-Dahera, 81 in province of Dhofar, 80 in province of Al-wosta, 47 in Al-Buraimi and 3 in Musandam. Muscat has take number one of number of injuries the number was 3331 and, and province of Al-sharqia came in second place the number was 2257, 1532 in province of Al-batinah, 1969 in province of Al-Dakhilia, 804 in province of Al-Dahera, 432 in province of Al-Buraimi, 383 in province of Dhofar, 268 in province of Al-Wosta and finally 121 in Musandam. No change in 2012 more accidents, death, injuries. And accidents on the rise, everybody drive at high speed they don’t listen or watch the rule of driving. Solution to reduce car accident: Before government do solution for car accident they should know how to educate the Omani society and told the dangers of car accidents, the matter is moral issue actually it about how drivers can control the driving, so should government understand the behaviors of drivers, some youth from 15 to 17 want take lesson to drive a car sometimes they take their father’s car without permission and they challenge their friend by doing race between them, it is danger because they don’t have lesson and driving require practice, skills, respect the rule of driving. The government put rule, and this is very good for everybody it show if you want take lesson you must be older than 18 and sane and healthy, the government should monitor the cars in the agencies, is a safe car? If not should not imported from abroad. Oman already have device that call Radar, it trapped cars in the speed of more than 120 should government improve this device because I am sure this device can reduce car accident, should government put the Radar every 2 km because it can reduce the high speed that make accidents. Drivers should has more rationality when they drive a car also they should understand driving is ethic, commitment and respect the rule not showing their skills when they driving at high speed also they should understand the logo developed by the Royal Oman Police ( Don’t call tell you reach) it mean when you drive a car you should not do any call, but do you call when you at home. Conclusion: Car accidents is very dangerous and everybody should know the damage of car accidents, the majority of the dead in Oman due to car accidents, the matter is not difficult just understand the rule of driving and don’t drive at high speed also should drivers when they not thinking about anything just drive carefully and we will not see more accidents also should drivers remember when they drive they have happy family wait them so don’t lose your family and do not make the incident the cause destruction of your life.

Operating Systems Tasks and Programming Lab

Operating Systems Tasks and Programming Lab Lab Activity 1 Operating Systems Tasks and Programming a) Future of operating systems. [Report on the future of operating systems here] b) Programming activity C++ #include using namespace std; int main() { ÂÂ   int id = 6669447; string name = Salman Mohammed Fazal; int counter = 0; for (int i = 0; i cout counter++; //increment counter if (counter == id[-1]) { //if counter = last character of ID cout counter = 0; //reset counter } } } JAVA public class test { public static void main(String[] args) { int id = 6669447; String name = Salman Mohammed Fazal; int counter = 0; for (int i = 0; i System.out.print(name.charAt(i)); //print character counter++; //increment counter if (counter == id[-1]) { //when counter is last character of ID System.out.println(); //new line counter = 0; //reset counter } } } } PYTHON name = Salman Mohammed Fazal id = 6669447 for i in range (0, len(name), int(id[-1])): #for every n characters print(name[i:i+ int(id[-1]))]) #slice and print string Code Outcome (same for all) Lab Activity 2 Linux Command Line (Commands and outcomes from a series of small tasks that require use of a number of Linux commands) How made Portfolio1 directory read/write/executable only for you and your group. That is, not for others.ÂÂ   Show evidence of this with ls command. How downloaded the script http://www.centerkey.com/tree/tree.sh to your home directory using wget and make it executable. Making Directories How created a 207se directory in your Portfolio1 directory. How created numbered directories for the labs. i.e. lab1 and lab2 etc. Evidence of transferring lab1 activity into appropriate directory Evidence of make directory activities using tree.sh Display todays date and using the cal command show the month that you were born. Move into the lab1 directory and use the appropriate command to show the current directory What is talk, write and wall are for The Talk command is used for exchanging messages with other users who are logged on the same network. The Write command is used to send messages to users in the same network. This one-way only. The Wall command is used to send messages to all the users in the entire network. This is limited to the admins only. ÂÂ  What command prevents the effects of those three commands from interrupting you. To prevent users from interrupting you, you can use the Mesg command. This command basically enables or disables users from writing to your terminal. Mesg y to Allow access and Mesg n to deny access. The song in song.txt. Using wc the number of words and lines in the file. Using grep to get the lines containing and and the number of the lines contain and in the document Use cat to show the contents of the file. Appropriate Linux command to see if the two files differ and how they differ. Use sort to sort the file and redirect the output to a new file called song2.txt Use sort and rev to reverse the sorted contents of song.txt and append the output to song2.txt Total memory used and the total memory available Find out how you can display your username on the screen. List the processes that are running. What are the differences between the Linux commands less, more and most. The more command works similarly to the cat command by displaying contents of a file, however the more command, you view bits of the text (a screenful), and is in a forward-scrollable manner. The less command is similar to the more command, however with this it is possible to scroll both, forward and backward. The most command is more like the less command, but the only difference is, it is possible to view several files at once with this command. The basic syntax for these commands are: more less Lab Activity 4 Bootloader Brief description of the Lab activity and what you did This weeks task was to create a bootloader using Assembly which included my student details and a triangle of dots. We then have to boot the bootloader with bochs. Boot pragma linux with bochs Make a bootloader that displays your student details and triangle Commented bootloader code to display your student details and triangle [BITS 16] [ORG 0x7C00] top: ;; Put 0 into ds (data segment) ;; Cant do it directly mov ax,0x0000 mov ds,ax ;; si is the location relative to the data segment of the ;; string/char to display mov si, msg call writeString ; See below jmp $ ; Spin writeString: mov ah,0x0E ; Display a chacter (as before) mov bh,0x00 mov bl,0x07 nextchar: Lodsb ; Loads [SI] into AL and increases SI by one ;; Effectively pumps the string through AL cmp al,0 ; End of the string? jz done int 0x10 ; BIOS interrupt jmp nextchar done: ret msg db Name: Salman Fazal,13,10, Email: [emailprotected], 13,10, Fav Module: 207SE ;), 13,10, DOB: 01/08/1996 21 ,13,10, Std ID: 6669447 ; Null-terminated times 510-($-$$) db 0 dw 0xAA55 Output from Bochs showing student details and triangle Lab Activity 6 Memory Management Memory Allocation Activities Due to the code outputs being too long, I have just snipped a portion of the result, however all of my answers match with the results in the code. * NULL = Memory address not allocated. First-Fit Best-Fit Worst-Fit Paging Activities FIFO 4 2 7 7 5 6 3 9 3 2 2 Page Entry 0 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 9 9 9 9 Page Entry 1 2 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 2 2 Page Entry 2 7 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 Page Fault F F F H F F F F H F H Page Fault Total: 8 4 2 7 7 5 6 3 9 3 2 2 Page Entry 0 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 Page Entry 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 Page Entry 2 7 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 Page Entry 3 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 Page Fault F F F H F F F F H F H Page Fault Total: 8 RANDOM 4 2 7 7 5 6 3 9 3 2 2 Page Entry 0 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 2 2 Page Entry 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 9 9 9 Page Entry 2 7 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 Page Fault F F F H F F F F H F H Page Faults Total: 8 4 2 7 7 5 6 3 9 3 2 2 Page Entry 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 9 9 9 9 Page Entry 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Page Entry 2 7 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 Page Entry 3 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 Page Fault F F F H F F F F H H H Page Fault Total: 7 The random algorithm did not give me the same result as the way I solved it. This is because There is no specific rule/method on what memory block to be replaced. Each time a process needs to be moved to a memory block, a random memory block is chosen in order to swap the process. Evidence of running code Lab Activity 7 Buffer Brief description of the Buffer Activity This weeks task involved using buffers in terms of reading and writing from a file Commented Buffer.c code #include //library for file control options #include //library for general purpose tools #include //header file #include //file IO #define BUF_SIZE 500 //sets buffer size to 500 #define OUTPUT_MODE 0700 //defines the output mode, sets file permissions int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { //Define variables int in_fd, out_fd; //hold associated numbers on both files int rd_size = 1; //hold amount of bytes in buffer (final should be 500) int wr_size; //hold amount of bytes on the output file char buf[BUF_SIZE]; //initialise buffer and its size if (argc != 3) //check for correct number of arguments exit(1); //exit if too many or too few parameters in_fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY); //open file to read from (read only) //if file isnt found, variable will have a negative number if (in_fd exit(2); //exit if files empty out_fd = creat(argv[2], OUTPUT_MODE); //create the output file //if file isnt created, variable will have a negative number if (out_fd exit(3); //exit if cannot write to the file while (rd_size > 0) { //while characters (in file) still exist: rd_size = read(in_fd, buf, BUF_SIZE); //read the file into buffer if (rd_size exit(4); //exit if error while reading wr_size = write(out_fd, buf, rd_size); //write from buffer into file if (wr_size close(in_fd); close(out_fd); //close both of the files if error found exit(5); //exit if error while writing } } } Update the code to so that it prints if an error has occurred or if a file is successfully created with the content of the review in it. After running code what is in hamlet.txt #include //library for file control options #include //library for general purpose tools #include //header file #include //file IO #define BUF_SIZE 500 //sets buffer size to 500 #define OUTPUT_MODE 0700 //defines the output mode, sets file permissions int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { //Define variables int in_fd, out_fd; //hold associated numbers on both files int rd_size = 1; //hold amount of bytes in buffer (final should be 500) int wr_size; //hold amount of bytes on the output file char buf[BUF_SIZE]; //initialise buffer and its size if (argc != 3) { //check for correct number of arguments printf(Error: Invalid number of parameters passed.); exit(1); //exit if too many or too few parameters } in_fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY); //open file to read from (read only) //if file isnt found, variable will have a negative number if (in_fd printf(Error: File not found.); exit(2); //exit if files empty } out_fd = creat(argv[2], OUTPUT_MODE); //create the output file //if file isnt created, variable will have a negative number if (out_fd printf(Error: File not created.); exit(3); //exit if cannot write to the file } while (rd_size > 0) { //while characters (in file) still exist: rd_size = read(in_fd, buf, BUF_SIZE); //read the file into buffer if (rd_size printf(Error: Cant read from file.); exit(4); //exit if error while reading } wr_size = write(out_fd, buf, rd_size); //write from buffer into file if (wr_size close(in_fd); close(out_fd); //close both of the files if error found exit(5); //exit if error while writing } } printf(Operation Successful!); } After compiling and running the code, the hamlet.txt file contained the exact same text that was in the main review.txt file Evidence: Updated buffer.c code to show how many character are read to buffer, how many character read at a time into the buffer, how many words in the document and how many times the buffer is filled #include //library for file control options #include //library for general purpose tools #include //header file #include //file IO #define BUF_SIZE 500 //sets buffer size to 500 #define OUTPUT_MODE 0700 //defines the output mode, sets file permissions int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { //Define variables int in_fd, out_fd; //hold associated numbers on both files int rd_size = 1; //hold amount of bytes in buffer (final should be 500) int wr_size; //hold amount of bytes on the output file char buf[BUF_SIZE]; //initialise buffer and its size int rd_count = 0, buf_count = 0, wd_count = 0; if (argc != 3) { //check for correct number of arguments printf(Error: Invalid number of parameters passed.); exit(1); //exit if too many or too few parameters } in_fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY); //open file to read from (read only) //if file isnt found, variable will have a negative number if (in_fd printf(Error: File not found.); exit(2); //exit if files empty } out_fd = creat(argv[2], OUTPUT_MODE); //create the output file //if file isnt created, variable will have a negative number if (out_fd printf(Error: File not created.); exit(3); //exit if cannot write to the file } while (rd_size > 0) { //while characters (in file) still exist: rd_size = read(in_fd, buf, BUF_SIZE); //read the file into buffer if (rd_size printf(Error: Cant read from file.); exit(4); //exit if error while reading } if (rd_size == 500){ //if read, rd_count += 500; buf_count += 1; //increment character and buffer counter } else{ rd_count += rd_size; } for (int i=0; i if(buf[i] == ) wd_count+=1; //increment if space found } wr_size = write(out_fd, buf, rd_size); //write from buffer into file if (wr_size printf(Successfully written to file!n); close(in_fd); close(out_fd); //close both files printf(Total number of characters read is: %d.n, rd_count); printf(Total number of words: %d.n, wd_count); printf(Buffer filled %d times.n, buf_count); exit(5); } } } Impact of changing buffer size I altered the buffer 3 times, the first was changing the size to 1000, the second was 1300 and the third was 2000. What I noticed was as the buffer size increases, the amount of times the buffer is filled decreases as the buffer is able to fill in more characters each time. Below is a screen shot of when the buffer size was set to 2000: We can see the buffer at this time was filled 0 times, meaning the entire text was placed into the buffer. Updated buffer.c code to compare if two files are the same #include //library for file control options #include //library for general purpose tools #include //header file #include //file IO #define BUF_SIZE 500 //sets buffer size to 500 #define OUTPUT_MODE 0700 //defines the output mode, sets file permissions int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { //Define variables int in_fd, in_fd2; //hold associated numbers on both files int rd_size = 1; //hold amount of bytes in buffer (final should be 500) int rd_size2 = 1; char buf[BUF_SIZE]; //initialise buffer and its size char buf2[BUF_SIZE]; //initialise buffer and its size //int rd_count = 0, buf_count = 0, wd_count = 0; if (argc != 3) { //check for correct number of arguments printf(Error: Invalid number of parameters passed.); exit(1); //exit if too many or too few parameters } in_fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY); //open first file to read from if (in_fd printf(Error: File not found.); exit(2); //exit if files empty } in_fd2 = open(argv[2], O_RDONLY); //open second file to read from //if file isnt found, variable will have a negative number if (in_fd2 printf(Error: File not found.); exit(3); //exit if files empty } while (rd_size > 0 rd_size2 > 0) { //while characters (in file) still exist: rd_size = read(in_fd, buf, BUF_SIZE); //read file 1 to buffer rd_size2 = read(in_fd2, buf2, BUF_SIZE); //read file 2 to buffer if (rd_size printf(Error: Cant read from file.); exit(4); } for (int i=0; i if(buf[i] != buf2[i]){ //if characters of the 2 files are not the same: printf(The files are not the same!); close(in_fd); close(in_fd2); exit(5); //print message and close } } } printf(YESSSSSS!! The files are the same.); //if code passes the loop, theyre the same! } Comparison of review.txt and hamlet.txt Comparison of hamlet.txt and review_observer.txt Lab Activity 8 Cache Buffer Brief Description of Cache Buffer Activity This weeks task was to alter the cache_reader.c file and complete the cr_read_byte function. Additionally, we also had to add a count of the total number of bytes and the number of times the buffer was filled. Commented implementation of the cr_read_byte function char cr_read_byte(cr_file* f){ /* 1. check if buffer needs refilling 2. return currently pointed character 3. move pointer to next character */ if(f->usedbuffer >= f->bufferlength){ refill(f); } char currentChar = f->buffer[f->usedbuffer]; f->usedbuffer++; return currentChar; } Comment updated code to show that each byte is being read, and when the buffer is being refilled. To show that the buffer is being refilled, I added a print statement each time the buffer refills in the cr_read_byte() function. Also the next part of the question will show that the buffer is being refilled and the bytes are being read by keeping a count each time that happens. *The code for this part of the question is combined with the next part (cache_reader.c). (I set the buffer to 200) Commented updated code showing to show how many bytes were read in total, and how many times the buffer was refilled In this part, I had to update the code in 3 different files, below are the screenshots of every update I made: cache_reader.h In this sec

Position Paper Concerning the Use of Biblical Quotations in Matter of Science :: essays research papers

Position Paper. â€Å"Concerning the Use of Biblical Quotations in Matter of Science† 1) Is Galileo right that Joshua passage cannot be taken literally, and that some interpretation is necessary no matter which system of the world is being considered? Yes. Literal reading of Joshua will bring us to unpleasant consequences. If only Sun’s and Moon’s spheres will be stopped, laws of Ptolemy will be broken (f.ex. relationship between planets and Sun-Earth line). In Copernican Universe, with modern discoveries of Galileo’s, sudden stop of Earth will be at least as destructive as the Deluge. But as there’s no doubt that the event took place, and there are no records about something strange that happened on that day. We need some interpretation. 2) Is the literal reading of Joshua incompatible with either system of world? Yes. Ptolemy: If just Sun’s and Moon’s spheres were isolated from the rest and stopped, spheres of planets and star ball will continue to rotate (and they should as they weren’t asked to stop and it’s their nature to rotate) Heavens perfection will be either disturbed (centers of epicycles of inferior planets will no longer lie on Sun-Earth line, Sun may appear in other constellation of zodiac), or planets and starball will violate principle of uniform motion (moving in a special way to compensate for Sun’s behavior). Copernicus: Sudden stop of Earth will probably destroy entire civilization as everything including waters of oceans, buildings and, finally, people will attempt to continue to move in the same direction with the same speed. 3) Must Joshua passage be interpreted? Yes. Literal reading leads us to nowhere. That means that Holy Scripture provided us with false information what is a critical hit on the most sacred values of mankind. This is a catastrophe. But interpretation may save the situation. 4) If the passage must be interpreted, then can it be interpreted to fit the Copernican system as well as the Ptolemaic system? Ptolemy: Joshua just didn’t say the whole thing. Considering position, reputation and experience of the Executant of the pray, concerns about side effects must be rejected. Due to God’s authority mortals may trust God on doing the most important things, asking just for the final result, assuming that God will do all necessary actions so the result will have divine quality. So, most likely, all spheres were stopped. Copernicus: If something is staying still it simply means that location of the object with respect to us stays the same.

A Real Virtual End :: Matrix Virtuality Reality Essays

A Real Virtual End Whether you watch a science fiction movie, or read a science fiction novel, mother earth seems to no longer be a concern of the human race. The concern of humans has been shifted to a new medium, virtual reality. In the movie The Matrix, earth has been destroyed and people live underground. But, in the peoples virtual reality, where they plug themselves into called the matrix, everything that is desired can be downloaded for them in seconds. In the novel Snow Crash, earth is rapidly being destroyed by humans through negligence. Once again, the more important concern on the human mind is the virtual reality called the Metaverse. Just like the matrix, the Metaverse fulfills desires with a few strokes of the keyboard. What if reality didnt exist? Could there still be a virtual reality continuing on? It seems to me that these two science fiction stories promote laziness and to ignore our ongoing destruction of earth. The main character and hero in the movie The Matrix, Neo, is a young software engineer and part-time hacker who is singled out by some mysterious figures who want to introduce him into the secret of the matrix. What Neo thinks is the real world is no more than a computer-generated dreamscape, a virtual reality created by the artificial intelligence that really controls things to distract our human minds while our bodies are systemically plundered as an energy source to keep those machines up and running. The re al world has actually been destroyed by humans through nuclear warfare. Upon Neos enlightenment of the real earth, he is forced to make a decision to choose between the matrix and what is thought to be reality. Choosing the matrix, Neo has to re-think and re-learn his old ways and adapt to the new ways through which he will need to survive. Finding his niche in the matrix, Neo becomes god-like here. Although he was just a mere hacker whom had little power in reality, the matrix turns Neo into a force not to be messed with. Neos unbelievable hand-eye coordination and miraculous maneuvering separates him from the other humans that are locked into the matrix. Neo is filled with huge amounts of information at an alarming rate to help create him into being the One. The matrix allows you to receive anything you want, and to be downloaded any piece of information known to man. A Real Virtual End :: Matrix Virtuality Reality Essays A Real Virtual End Whether you watch a science fiction movie, or read a science fiction novel, mother earth seems to no longer be a concern of the human race. The concern of humans has been shifted to a new medium, virtual reality. In the movie The Matrix, earth has been destroyed and people live underground. But, in the peoples virtual reality, where they plug themselves into called the matrix, everything that is desired can be downloaded for them in seconds. In the novel Snow Crash, earth is rapidly being destroyed by humans through negligence. Once again, the more important concern on the human mind is the virtual reality called the Metaverse. Just like the matrix, the Metaverse fulfills desires with a few strokes of the keyboard. What if reality didnt exist? Could there still be a virtual reality continuing on? It seems to me that these two science fiction stories promote laziness and to ignore our ongoing destruction of earth. The main character and hero in the movie The Matrix, Neo, is a young software engineer and part-time hacker who is singled out by some mysterious figures who want to introduce him into the secret of the matrix. What Neo thinks is the real world is no more than a computer-generated dreamscape, a virtual reality created by the artificial intelligence that really controls things to distract our human minds while our bodies are systemically plundered as an energy source to keep those machines up and running. The re al world has actually been destroyed by humans through nuclear warfare. Upon Neos enlightenment of the real earth, he is forced to make a decision to choose between the matrix and what is thought to be reality. Choosing the matrix, Neo has to re-think and re-learn his old ways and adapt to the new ways through which he will need to survive. Finding his niche in the matrix, Neo becomes god-like here. Although he was just a mere hacker whom had little power in reality, the matrix turns Neo into a force not to be messed with. Neos unbelievable hand-eye coordination and miraculous maneuvering separates him from the other humans that are locked into the matrix. Neo is filled with huge amounts of information at an alarming rate to help create him into being the One. The matrix allows you to receive anything you want, and to be downloaded any piece of information known to man.

Haya

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (NEW CURRICULUM ACCORDING TO CATALOGUE 2005 – 2006) NAME: ID #: Tel #: P. O. Box: E-mail: MAJOR REQUIREMENTS CR CORE BUSINESS COURSES ACCT 210 CONCENTRATION 3 BUSS 200 BUSS 211 ACCOUNTING CR 3 3 ACCT 215 ACCT 217 to ACCT 250 3 ACCT 217 to ACCT 250 3 2 ACCT 217 to ACCT 250 3 BUSS 230 3 ACCT 217 to ACCT 250 3 BUSS 239 0 0 Any business elective Total Crs 3 15 BUSS 240 BUSS 245 1 BIDS CR BUSS 248 0 INFO 205 3 BUSS 249 3 DCSN 205 3 DCSN 200 3 INFO 210 to INFO 250 6 FINA 210 INFO 200 MKTG 210 3 or DCSN 210 TO DCSN 250 6 3 Any business elective 3 MNGT 215 3 33 CR Total Crs ENTREPRENEURSHIP 15 CR ENTM 220 TO ENTM 250 3 15 ENTM 220 TO ENTM 250 3 48 ENTM 220 TO ENTM 250 3 ENTM 220 TO ENTM 250 3 Total Crs. : GENERIC CONCENTRATION ACCT 217 TO MNGT 250 Total Crs. : A student can choose to graduate with a maximum of two concentrations Any business elective REQUIREMENTS FROM OUTSIDE THE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS 3 15 CR ECON 211 3 Total Crs FINANCE ECON 212 3 FIN A 215 to FINA 250 3 ENGLISH 208 3 FINA 215 to FINA 250 3ELECTIVE (200 & above) FOR ARTS STUDENTS MATH 203 3 FINA 215 to FINA 250 3 FINA 215 to FINA 250 3 FOR SCIENCES STUDENTS MATH 204 3 MATH 204 CMPS 209 3 CMPS 209 ELECTIVE (200 & above) 3 Students cannot choose EDUC 219, EDUC 227, ECON 213, STAT 201, STAT 210, STAT 234, ITEC 242, PSPA 275 as free non-business electives UNIVERSITY GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3 ARABIC a ARABIC a Any business elective 3 Total Crs MANAGEMENT 15 CR MNGT 220 TO MNGT 250 3 MNGT 220 TO MNGT 250 3 MNGT 220 TO MNGT 250 3 3 MNGT 220 TO MNGT 250 3 3 Any business elective 3SEQ Id: CVSP 201 or 202 or 205 or any 207 (A,B,C,†¦) 3 SEQ IIe: CVSP 203 or 204 or 206 or any 208 (A,B,C,†¦) HUMANITY I from: Civilization Sequence, Arabic, English, History or Philosophy 3 Total Crs MARKETING 15 CR 3 MKTG 222 3 HUMANITY II from: Civilization Sequence, Arabic, English, History or Philosophy 3 ENGL 203b ENGL 204 ENGL 204c ELECTIVE (200 & above) MKTG 240 Two more from CVSP 201-208 or the selection of two approved humanities courses as listed in the aub catalogue 2005-2006 Total Crs. : TOTAL CREDITS NEEDED FOR GRADUATION 42 90 3 MKTG 215 to MKTG 250 3 MKTG 215 to MKTG 250 3 Any business elective Total Crs 3 15 IF EXEMPTED FROM ARABIC, ONE ADDITIONAL ELECTIVE COURSE IS REQUIRED; ARABIC 213, 214, 217& 218 ARE EXCLUDED b IF EXEMPTED FROM ENGL 203, STUDENTS MUST TAKE ENGL 204. c IF EXEMPTED FROM ENGL 204, ONE ELECTIVE COURSE FROM OUTSIDE THE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS IS REQUIRED. d STUDENTS WHO ELECT CVSP 205 MAY NOT ENROLL IN CVSP 201 OR 202 OR VICE VERSA. e STUDENTS WHO ELECT CVSP 206 MAY NOT ENROLL IN CVSP 203 OR 204 OR VICE VERSA. 18-Aug-05

Effect Of Leadership Traits On Employee Performance Commerce Essay

Within every company a leader is needed. Sometimes even more than one, when a company has grown and therefore exists out of multiple divisions. These leaders are of import because they give the company a way to caput to, and teach the employees to make this in the best possible manner. Particularly when a company has merely been started, it is really of import to do certain that everyone does his very best and knows precisely what to make in order to diminish the opportunity of failure of the new venture. Past research has shown that entrepreneurship forms a important portion of every economic system in many ways ( Van Praag & A ; Versloot, 2007 ) . For illustration, the generating of employment ( Sutton, 1997 ) , economic growing through entrepreneurship ( Carry & A ; Thurik, 2003 ) , the importance of little and average sized houses associating to invention ( Biggs, 2002 ) and economic value creative activity ( Parker, 2004 ) . Therefore, it is really of import to cognize every bit much about this whole procedure as possible. This can merely lend to increasing the per centum of successfully started ventures. Due to the fiscal crisis in 2009, the per centum of failures in new ventures has been really high ( Graydon, 2010 ) . As this has great effects for the economic system, it is of import that this per centum goes down in the coming old ages. A batch of research has already been done on this topic, but clear grounds on leading in combination with enterprisers that start up a new co mpany is still losing. In order to acquire to cognize more about the leading of enterprisers, this research is aimed at the enterprisers in Amsterdam who have merely started their ain company. The research is done to acquire an reply to the inquiry of what leading traits lead to the biggest opportunity of conveying the new venture to a success. In Amsterdam, there are a batch of new start-ups every twelvemonth and together with the easy handiness to these enterprisers and their companies ; this environing signifiers an outstanding possibility to make research in. Hopefully this survey leads to a more clear vision on the success traits of enterprisers who have to move every bit leaders as good in conveying their start-ups to a success. The following subdivision, which is the theoretical model, will discourse the bing literature on leading traits, the features that distinguish an enterpriser from a non-entrepreneur and recent literature on leading combined with entrepreneurship. Section three is the methodological analysis subdivision and discusses everything that is of import in making this research. For illustration, the research method that is traveling to be used, and the features of the research.Theoretical model2.1 LeadershipIn the yesteryear, there have been 100s of articles written on leading. In the 1950 ‘s, Bales based his research on the differentiation between two different leading attacks, viz. : task-oriented manner and the interpersonally oriented manner. The task-oriented manner is frequently associated with the ‘initiation of construction ‘ as construction was what it was all about. The interpersonally oriented manner is related with consideration, and was based on common relations hips with followings and so on ( Eagly & A ; Johannesen-Schmidt, 2001 ) . Later on, research was frequently aimed at the differentiation between democratic and bossy leading ( Vroom & A ; Yetton, 1973 ) and therefore differentiated leaders who allowed followings to take part in determination devising and those who did non ( Eagly & A ; Johannesen-Schmidt, 2001 ) . Burns ( 1978 ) argued that some of import leading traits were losing. Three new types of leading were recognized. The transformational leader was person who stood for individualized consideration, rational stimulation, inspirational motive and idealized influence ( Saunders et al. , 2007 ) . The 2nd type was the transactional leader, person who brought the contingent wages system, to merely honor followings if they had performed good plenty, and merely changed something when it did non work, which was called direction by exclusion ( Saunders et al. , 2007 ) . The last type was the Individualistic leader. This leader was pe rson who likely did non hold adequate accomplishments or motive and therefore avoided doing determinations and being responsible. Apart from spliting leaders into the manners they follow, the can be differentiated on leading traits. There are besides many surveies aimed at the features of people that make them a leader. Although none of these results were precisely the same, the most articles did come to the similar features that differentiate a leader from person who is non. Stogdill ( 1974 ) and House & A ; Baetz ( 1979 ) showed that leaders tend to be higher in ( 1 ) intelligence, ( 2 ) laterality, ( 3 ) assurance, ( 4 ) energy and ( 5 ) cognition of the undertaking than non-leaders. Throughout these surveies, the most of import inquiry was what the most of import features of a born leader are. But research besides showed that it is non about holding these features, but how to utilize them in a manner that makes you effectual as a leader. Therefore, Kouzes and Posner ( 2007 ) did research on the leading behavior and found that this behavior can be identified through five factors, viz. ( 1 ) animating a visio n that is shared, ( 2 ) patterning the manner, ( 3 ) promoting the bosom of the followings, ( 4 ) disputing the procedure and ( 5 ) enabling others to move. Different types of undertakings frequently ask for different leader features and behaviors. Therefore it is of import that a leader knows how to accommodate to certain fortunes. This makes him other than his followings and therefore person with whom they can interact. Fiedler ( 1967 ) argues through his eventuality theory that the ultimate leading behavior is dependent upon the state of affairs. Thereby, Fiedler has besides stated that experience is more of import than intelligence in some hard state of affairss. This means that leaders besides grow as they gain working experience, and utilize this experience in state of affairss that require more than unconditioned traits. This is really of import because of the fact that the leader influences all kinds of employee variables like organisational committedness, occupation satisfaction, public presentation and so on. ( Kouzes & A ; Posner, 2007 ) . Research done on leading has a batch of things in common with research in other Fieldss. One illustration is the research on traits of a specific type of individual. This research is besides done in the field of employees as followings of leaders, but besides for illustration the features of employees in combination with occupation satisfaction and organisational committedness. Another illustration is research on features of people with regard to working-groups or calling direction. One of the most similar types of research compared to surveies on leading is the research on enterprisers. What are the traits of a existent enterpriser? Why is one enterpriser more successful so another? In a batch of ways this research is comparable.2.2 EntrepreneurshipThe research on entrepreneurship and leading is really similar in many ways ( Ensley et al. , 2006 ) . The facet that is most similar is the hunt for traits that makes person good and efficient in his function. This type of research is ca lled the â€Å" traits attack † . Throughout the old ages, a batch of research was done on two facets within this traits attack. The first facet is the consequence of the state of affairs on enterprisers ( e.g. Kirzner, 1997 ) or leaders ( e.g. Wofford and Liska, 1993 ) and the 2nd facet is the behavior of enterprisers ( e.g. Shaver and Scott, 1991 ) or leaders ( e.g. Bass, 1990 ) . Merely like with a leader, an enterpriser besides influences the public presentation of his organisation. He can be the 1 who makes the difference between success and failure of the new venture. Some research workers say that this is due to his features that divide him from others, such as risk-taking leaning ( Stewart & A ; Roth, 2001 ) , high self-efficacy ( Chen, Greene & A ; Crick, 1998 ) or to detect chances that others do non ( Alvarez & A ; Busenitz, 2001 ) . But other research workers say that it is due to the behavior of the enterpriser that concerns increase the opportunities to win, so how he uses these features ( Bass, 1990 ) . Either manner, a batch of similarities are found between leaders and enterprisers, which makes it interesting to analyze the combination of the two.2.3 Uniting leading with entrepreneurshipAs leaders and enterprisers have a batch in common, it is non a surprise to cognize that the two can be combined. In fact, research has showed that being a leade r while get downing a new venture, and therefore being an enterpriser, is of import in order to acquire the most out of the company. As stated above, leaders are able to act upon facets such as the motive, productiveness, and committedness of employees and therefore act upon the overall public presentation ( Kouzes & A ; Posner, 2007 ) . As enterprisers are depending to a great extent on the employees in the beginning stage of the new venture, it is of import to convey up the best out of these employees ( aˆÂ ¦ . ) . Different types of leaders have different kinds of influence on their followings. This is an of import thing to maintain in head while making research. Each type of leading has its ain advantages and disadvantages and therefore respond different to a specific state of affairs. For illustration, transformational and magnetic leading are frequently related to a better public presentation of workgroups and organisations ( Saunders et al. , 2007 ) . Another illustration is that a transformational leader wants to be seen as ‘the great leader ‘ and does non pay any attending to the state of affairs or his followings, while a democratic leader is person who joins the group and works every bit difficult as the remainder ( Saunders et al. , 2007 ) . In order to allow the employees work every bit efficient as possible it is of import to cognize what type of leader tantrums best in the start-up. Up till now there has been little old research on the combination of leading traits and entrepreneurship. Therefore there are few researches to trust on for now. What is utile is research that has been done on leading in different state of affairss. One of the most of import in this field is that of Fiedler, who did research on different factors act uponing leading public presentation. For illustration, his cognitive research theory, which was aimed at stressful-situations, leading intelligence and leading experience. Although non everyone was to the full convinced by these theories ( Vecchio, 1992 ) , there have non been any cardinal challenges of the theory.Methodology3.1 Research sceneThe scene of this research is based on Amsterdam and its milieus. This is because of the fact that these companies are easy accessible for the research worker. Thereby comes that a batch of the enterprisers in Amsterdam are united in several associations. For illustration, the ‘Ondernemersgroep Amsterdam ‘ , ‘het Ondernemershuis ‘ and MKB Groot Amsterdam. Furthermore, the ‘Kamer new wave Koophandel ‘ , which is Dutch for Chamber of Commerce, is located near the Centre of the metropolis. These associations will likely be able to give all the information that is needed for this research.3.2 Research featuresThis research will be done through utilizing a cross-sectional attack. This can be described as a ‘snapshot ‘ clip skyline. Due to clip restraints and informations handiness it is likely the best option to utilize. Of class, being able to analyze alterations and developments of certain companies over clip, and therefore utilizing a longitudinal attack, would likely take to even more specified consequences ( Saunders et al. , 2007 ) , but this option would take excessively much clip. So, informations from companies that are in their first or 2nd twelvemonth of concern will be used, this information is still recent and should non t ake to much problem when roll uping. Thereby comes that the enterprisers should still be clearly cognizant of how they fulfilled their leading functions, with regard to the traits of their leading type. Clear should be that the degree of analysis is on the firm-level and that the research is practice-driven. This research could be valuable to the theoretical scientific discipline as it is seeking to acquire a better apprehension of certain phenomena, but besides in pattern where enterpriser and leader can larn from. By cognizing more about the traits of each function, and particularly for enterprisers how to unite the traits of these two functions could be really valuable ( Ensley et al. , 2006 ) . The social relevancy therefore plays a bigger function than the scientific relevancy. The companies that are traveling to be used in this survey are likely all established within Amsterdam and its milieus. Besides, they have to be registered at one or more of the above mentioned associations so that the entree to the enterprisers and necessary informations will be available. Variables used in this survey will be traits of enterprisers as they are besides perceived as leaders within their company, and the company ‘s public presentation. For many companies the term of one or two old ages after start-up will likely be excessively short to be able to talk of a success or failure of the company. Therefore, the company ‘s public presentation as in being good on path compared to what was planned earlier, the opportunity of lasting the following old ages, and employee public presentation will be used to mensurate the company ‘s state of affairs.3.3 RestrictionsThe end of this research is to acquire an indicant of the effects of leading traits on the public p resentation of little entrepreneurial ventures that have merely started. In this first bowl, it is of import to allow the employees be every bit efficient as possible, as most of the resources such as money and clip are limited and rivals are frequently watching the company closely to do usage of any errors made. A quantitative attack will be used through looking at company ‘s public presentation in relation to leading traits of the enterprisers. Hopefully, afterwards the cognition on this particular topic will be deepened and be utile for scientific discipline every bit good as in pattern. For illustration, a relation between the traits of a leader that inspires his employees to work towards a certain end every bit efficient as possible is extremely related to a good executing start-up. In Figure 1, a schematical position on the research is given. The normal line between ‘leadership traits ‘ and ‘start-up public presentation ‘ is the chief relation that will be investigated in this research. The flecked lines, between ‘leadership traits ‘ and employee public presentation, and between 'employee public presentation ‘ and start-up public presentation ‘ will likely besides be investigated, although this is still a spot unsure because of the fact that garnering the information will be comparatively hard and there may besides be excessively many other facets that could act upon this relationship. Therefore, a spot more research has to be done foremost on the 'employee public presentation ‘ as a moderating/mediating variable.Figure 1. A schematical position on the variables and their relation to each other.An advantage of this survey can be that the combination of leading and entrepreneurship on the degree of little sta rt-ups is still comparatively bleary and therefore has the possibility to open up a new portion of this field. Thereby comes that this research is chiefly aimed to better the cognition of enterprisers on leading traits that are helpful in the beginning stage of a company, which means that the state of affairs can be seen from the houses point of position, alternatively of a theoretical point of position which sometimes differs excessively much from world ( Saunders at al. , 2007 ) . This survey will hold a batch of restrictions. One of them is the sample size. Through bounds on clip and resources it will be impossible to acquire a really big sample size. Amsterdam will be taken as the chief country of the start-ups of which informations will be gathered. Thereby comes, that there is a bound on the sum of start-ups, as the figure of new ventures depend on all kinds of variables and conditions. Besides, non all informations may be available for every company due to privacy grounds or unwillingness to collaborate of enterprisers. Another restriction can be the usage of Amsterdam as the chief part of entrepreneurial activity. Several factors within Amsterdam and its surrounding can be of influence on the consequences and therefore consequences do non hold to be generalizable in other parts of the universe. Amsterdam being a big metropolis, the capital of the Netherlands, and for illustration a big tourer attractive force. Furthermore, This research is aimed at start -ups and therefore is non generalizable for every company, as several resources such as clip, money and employees are frequently really limited.Small Planning tabular arrayEventGet downing day of the monthCompleting day of the monthDiscoursing the subject, with Ms. van Eerde and supervisor 6thJanuary Bettering the literature reappraisal and methodological analysis 7thJanuary Middle of February Get downing with study ‘s etc, because this will ever take longer than expected. Middle of February Middle of March Gathering informations through studies Middle of March Get downing of April Processing the informations, consequences subdivision Get downing of April End of April Writing the Conclusion and Discussion subdivision End of April End of May I know that this planning is really optimistic, but I have to get down with everything every bit shortly as possible, as I know from past experience that everything takes much longer than panned. Therefore, I set my coating day of the month early, as this will certainly be postponed.

The Public Health Campaigns Health And Social Care Essay

Even though the relationship between cervical malignant neoplastic disease and sexual activity has proved by surveies to be near and the function of the HPV virus in the development of cervical malignant neoplastic disease is well-known, the reviewed articles showed that there have n't been emphasized plenty by the public wellness runs ( Waller, McCaffery and Wardle 2004 ) . Specifically in the NHS, the information provided is limited. Some surveies demonstrated that the medical cusps highlight the taking behavioural hazard factors such as the early age of first intercourse, the high figure of sexual spouses or the deficiency of usage of rubbers, nevertheless, the relationship between a sexual transmitted virus and cervical malignant neoplastic disease is n't presented clearly ( Waller, McCaffery and Wardle 2004 ) . Sexual activity of adolescents could be characterized as either a milepost of their development or a field of unsafe behaviour. During pubescence, gender becomes active as adolescents experiment, seeking for ‘sexual individuality ‘ . Merely one article ( [ 13 ] ) refering Greece high spot that to day of the month Greece competes with the highest abortion incidence rates worldwide and sexually transmitted diseases are the most common public wellness job among striplings. The deficiency of information on how to protect themselves for unintended gestation of STIs could be ruinous ( Iliadou and Palaska 2008 ) . Harmonizing to this survey, sexual instruction is limited and unsatisfactory among striplings in Greece because conservative positions claim that sexual wellness instruction shows new patterns to the immature people which otherwise they would n't follow. Specifically the chief beginnings of information on contraceptive method are friends ( 66 % ) , household ( 60 % ) a nd books or magazines ( 59 % ) whereas the wellness professional apply merely the 3.3 % of the replies ( Iliadou and Palaska 2008 ) . Contrary to the immature Greek population, research workers examined striplings of other states such as Denmark and they concluded that they have equal cognition on how to protect themselves while adult females and work forces are considered every bit responsible for the transmittal of STIs ( Mortensen 2010 ) . In add-on, most surprising is that besides the UK provides limited cognition on the STIs and HPV infection in both work forces and adult females. Five of the surveies ( [ 20 ] , [ 30 ] , [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] ) provided studies which proved that 67 % of the people responded that ‘many sexual spouses ‘ is a major cause of cervical malignant neoplastic disease whereas merely 31 % replied ‘viruses or infection ‘ . Merely 1 % of the respondents answered that HPV virus is a causal factor of cervical malignant neoplastic disease ( Waller, McCaffery and Wardle 2004 ) . The same surveies demonstrated that the form of cognition seems to divert across different age groups. For illustration, adult females of 55-64 old ages old are most likely to cognize hazard factors such as the sexual activity and holding many sexual spouses. On the other manus, younger adult females of 16-24 old ages old and people holding hapless instruction showed the lowest consciousness of the hazard factors ( Waller, McCaffery and Wardle 2004 ) ( Wardle, et Al. 2001 ) . This study raises the inquiry on the cognition British adult females have, sing the sexual behaviour. Furthermore, the overall cognition on sexually transmitted infections ( STI ) is surprisingly low among pupils. British female pupils were familiar with the smear trial as a preventative cervical malignant neoplastic disease testing step and they replied that they had ne'er considered themselves to be examined but they expressed an involvement in the HPV vaccinum. On the other manus, work forces were n't certain what smear trial is ( Martin, et Al. 2011 ) . Hence, what is revealed is that the recent high cervical malignant neoplastic disease incidence rates are the result of a wellness instruction system where the cognition of the sexual behaviour is limited and it is n't concentrated on the self-management and the subject of the organic structure. All these findings, in add-on to the 14 % increased incidence rates in the last four old ages ( Cancer Research UK, 2012 ) demonstrate that the current wellness instruction peculiarly in school-based undertakings in the UK is hapless and one-sided. It focuses largely on the unintended gestation and contributes to the position that sexual wellness is merely adult female ‘s duty. These surveies ( [ 30 ] , [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] ) show that school based programmes in the UK fail to understand that betterment of misbehaviour is required to set up self-discipline. Alternatively, these school-based programmes should intent to increase the cognition of the adolescences to supervise themselves, produce the consciousness of the hazard factors and make the sense of personal duty in take parting on a regular basis in the showing trials. Hence, wellness instruction would finally make adept disciplined organic structures. This manner, the organic structure becomes cardinal. The construct of bio-po wer is placed to exert non merely the organic structure but besides the psyche. For that ground, there was ever been a argument on whether the UK should present unfastened treatments about sex in a school-based programme and educate adolescents on proper sexual behaviour and their engagement to testing trials in order to cut down the sexually familial infections ( Martin, et Al. 2011 ) . Overall, it is dismaying that most people in Britain consider household medical history as most noteworthy factor for cervical malignant neoplastic disease than the infection by STIs ( Waller, McCaffery and Wardle 2004 ) . However, acceptance and execution of wellness instruction programmes outside school, has been a topic of research. Contrary to what Nettleton claims there is besides the belief provided chiefly by Annemarie Mol that wellness instruction of public wellness is n't adequate to do people move rationally and give up unhealthy life styles. Public wellness runs are accused for being really general and that they address the full population without taking into consideration the differences among people ‘s wellness position and the stipulations for disease. Every educational run focuses on the population as a entire and as all being equal and they do n't acknowledge that when the educational programmes address the whole population, there is a portion of it, that ca n't hold entree to the healthy life style they suggest and people do n't see themselves reflecting in this state of affairs ( Mol 2008 ) . Furthermore, gender is a sensitive field that most adult females feel uncomfortable and diffident to discourse about publically. Any public statement that emphasizes on the nexus between cervical malignant neoplastic disease, sexual activity and smear trial, sounds to be about the adult female ‘s ‘ ain gender ( Braun and Gavey 1999 ) . This is the ground why the wellness instruction even in public wellness runs should be targeted to specific age groups. School is a promising manner. Harmonizing to the undermentioned surveies ( [ 20 ] , [ 30 ] , [ 31 ] ) school is the lone establishment in our society where many immature people attend before their first intercourse. Given proper and sufficient wellness instruction, it is cardinal that the self-management of the adolescences is improved and the informed pick is activated. Health instruction finally creates to the adult females the sense of power and subject on their ain organic structure. Self-discipline is considered as a moral behaviour which is motivated by intrinsic factors. The school-based programmes aim to better these factors and make a sense of cognizing ego and lead to active agents of the society where people control themselves unconsciously ; that is, school- based programmes create what Foucault has defined as docile organic structures. Harmonizing to su rveies conducted in the '90s and 2000, there is no grounds that sexual instruction increases the sexual activity. Alternatively, the sexual instruction specifically in school-based programmes delays the first intercourse, increases the usage of prophylactic methods and reduces the figure of sexual spouses ( Kirby, et Al. 1994 ) ( Dolan Mullen, et Al. 1995 ) ( Iliadou and Palaska 2008 ) . Most significantly, through the wellness instruction course of study there were important positive consequences sing the decrease of unhealthy wonts ( Glanz, Rimer and Viswanath 2008 ) ( Dolan Mullen, et Al. 1995 ) such as smoke, and a important addition in the inoculation rates. In add-on, in the 1980s research surveies was found out that among simple and secondary school kids, wellness instruction really improved kids ‘s wellness attitude and behaviour ( Dolan Mullen, et Al. 1995 ) . Therefore, it is a great chance to turn to wellness instruction programmes particularly sing the decrease of hazardous sexual behaviour ( Kirby, et Al. 1994 ) and the regular engagement in diagnostic trials because most HPV instances are reported in immature ages of 20-24 old ages old. There are many ways to believe that public policy can forbid hazardous activities and advance healthy manner of life. Recreation countries and rigorous nutrient statute law are some public intercessions Mol suggests through which, people can switch into rational mundane wonts ( Mol 2008 ) . Information runs on the HPV inoculation is another 1. Some articles consider Denmark as a important illustration that makes a important attempt since the debut of the HPV vaccinum in 2006, to educate the female population with HPV information runs. These runs are concentrated on the safety, the cost, the efficiency and possible side effects of the vaccinums ( Mortensen 2010 ) . Besides, in the same model, the two vaccinum makers organized a media-based run meaning to inform the female population on the benefits of the inoculation ( Mortensen 2010 ) . The engagement of adult females in these events can increase their cognition on the disease and the possible hazard factors and they can do informed picks on showing or inoculation. Not surprisingly, in most of the developed states the cervical malignant neoplastic disease testing system is advanced, nevertheless as surveies show, adult females still develop cervical malignant neoplastic disease ( Bosh and Harper 2006 ) . So, primary bar has a double function ; in the first topographic point, the end of the wellness instruction is to supply information through a non-threatening, easy and accessible manner and raise the consciousness of persons about organic structure care and lifestyle alteration to forestall disease through assorted programmes. Through nonsubjective and progressive information, people can go rational histrions for them and they can acknowledge easy the hazard factors and the dangers of specific activities. For illustration, research analyzing the attitude of adult females and parents for the HPV vaccinum demonstrated that given the right information on the safety and efficaciousness of the vaccinum, they promote its usage ( Raffle, 2007 ) ( Bun n 2008 ) . Hence, a wide and complete educational programme is indispensable to trip an informed pick. Most of the articles pointed out that it is cardinal that adult females have the ability to do their ain wellness picks. Additionally, another end of the wellness instruction is to stress the personal duty for wellness and promote the engagement of adult females on wellness services ( Scambler 2005 ) . Women should experience that go toing the cervical malignant neoplastic disease testing scrutinies is a personal determination. In Western societies, people are an ideal illustration of docile organic structures as they are encouraged to take attention of their organic structure through preventative interventions and they are induced to command their wellness. Namely, protection of their organic structures is a portion of their duty as being members of the society ( Braun and Gavey 1999 ) ( Petersen and Lupton 2000 ) . As Mol agrees, it is better to promote people to take part in suc h intercessions instead than compel them ( Mol 2008 ) . No power system has of all time survived with the fright and coercion as the lone arms.

Essay Writing on Shakespeare: Banquo Serves as a Foil to Macbeth Essay

Macbeth was written by Shakespeare between 1603 and 1606, during James I’s reign. It is considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies. The story begins as one of a loyal and honourable hero of Scotland. However, Macbeth’s character changes gradually during the play. A powerful ambition for power causes him to make sinister decisions that bring him only despair, guilt and madness. One of these decisions is to kill his friend Banquo because the witches that appeared at the beginning of the story said in their prophesy: â€Å"Thou shalt get kings, tough thou be none† (I, iii, line 67). They mean to say that even though Banquo will not be a king himself, he will be the father of future kings. By taking this into account, I am going to analyse how Banquo serves as a foil to Macbeth in terms of honour. Foil, in literature, is a character that is compared or contrasted to a second character so as to highlight the characteristics of the other. I consider honour in terms of loyalty, allegiance to moral principles and the ability of knowing and doing what is morally right. I am going to explore this hypothesis by taking account of the beginning of the play up to Banquo’s death, in Act III, scene iii. Macbeth is the epitome of the Prince described by Maquiavelli who takes it for granted that man is incapable of good action, since he is morally evil. Maquiavelli stated that: â€Å"[†¦] all men are bad and ever ready to display their vicious nature, whenever they may find occasion for it [†¦]† (Spencer, 1961, p.117). The Renaissance is characterised by a basic conflict between man’s dignity and his misery. Each one of the interrelated orders that set up the frame of the Elizabethan’s way of thinking is being gradually destroyed mainly by three philosophers of that time (Maquiavelli was one of them) who has questioned the cosmological, natural and political orders. Macbeth eagerly accepts the witches’ prophecy, that he will become king, as true, gives in to his evil side and does what he thinks is required to fulfil the prophesy, no matter the risks. That is why he decides to kill the king, Duncan, who represents a great danger to his ambitions. Banquo, however, represents the opposite to Macbeth because he questions  the prophecies and the intentions of these evil creatures. He says: â€Å"[†¦] And oftentimes, to win us to our harm, the instruments of darkness tell us truths, win us with honest trifles, to betray ‘s in deepest consequence. [†¦]† (I, iii, lines 123-125). He argues that evil only offers gifts that lead to destruction, that the witches win people with what is unimportant, though true, in order to betray them in most important things. Banquo hears the prophecy involving him but he does not attempt to influence his fate, simply chooses to let life take its course and let his future develop by itself. The fact that Banquo does not react from greed shows that he is entirely good, resists the temptations of evil and remains loyal to his good values and noble character. Just before Duncan’s murder, Macbeth meets Banquo and they agree to talk about the witches’ prophesy when they have time. Banquo’s honourable treats increases Macbeth’s capacity of treason. â€Å"[†¦] So I lose none in seeking to augment it, but still keep my bosom franchised, and allegiance clear, I shall be counselled [†¦]† (II, i, lines 25-29). This quotation suggests that, as long as he does not lose honour in trying to make it greater, always keeps his heart free from sin and his faithfulness to one man only, the king, he will listen to Macbeth’s advice. Banquo’s nobility of character highlights Macbeth’s evilness. After Macbeth became king, he realizes that, in fact, his friend is a danger to him because of his honourable character and also because the witches have seen he will be father of future kings. By saying: â€Å"[†¦] our fears in Banquo stick deep, and in his royalty of nature reigns that which be feared; ‘i is much he dares; and [†¦] he hath wisdom that doth guide his valour to act in safety. [†¦]† (III, i, lines 48-52), Macbeth reveals that he fears everything that he does not have but Banquo actually does: his natural nobility, his bravery and his wisdom. Macbeth feels that his position in the throne will be safe if Banquo is dead, so he hires two murderers to kill his friend and his son, Fleance. They partially succeed, Banquo dies but his son manages to get away safely. As we can see through this analysis, Banquo serves as a foil to Macbeth  in terms of nobility. Banquo and Macbeth are opposite characters, one has honourable values that he maintains during the play and does not give in to personal desires, and the other is slowly being tempted by his evil side and will get what he wants by any way that is necessary. Macbeth is morally evil and cares nothing about honour and loyalty, he becomes power hungry after hearing the witches’ prophesies and does anything to fulfil them, even killing his good king, Duncan, and his brave friend, Banquo. REFERENCES: †¢ Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Third edition. England. Longman. 1965. †¢ Spencer, Theodore. Shakespeare and the Nature of Man. Second edition. New York. Macmillan. 1961.